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All-time Novels 時代雜誌選出最佳百大小說

The Complete List
In Alphabetical Order

A - B
The Adventures of Augie March
Saul Bellow

All the King's Men
Robert Penn Warren

American Pastoral
Philip Roth

An American Tragedy
Theodore Dreiser

Animal Farm
George Orwell

Appointment in Samarra
John O'Hara

Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret
Judy Blume

The Assistant
Bernard Malamud

At Swim-Two-Birds
Flann O'Brien

Atonement
Ian McEwan

Beloved
Toni Morrison

The Berlin Stories
Christopher Isherwood

The Big Sleep
Raymond Chandler

The Blind Assassin
Margaret Atwood

Blood Meridian
Cormac McCarthy

Brideshead Revisited
Evelyn Waugh

The Bridge of San Luis Rey
Thornton Wilder

C - D
Call It Sleep
Henry Roth

Catch-22
Joseph Heller

The Catcher in the Rye
J.D. Salinger

A Clockwork Orange
Anthony Burgess

The Confessions of Nat Turner
William Styron

The Corrections
Jonathan Franzen

The Crying of Lot 49
Thomas Pynchon

A Dance to the Music of Time
Anthony Powell

The Day of the Locust
Nathanael West

Death Comes for the Archbishop
Willa Cather

A Death in the Family
James Agee

The Death of the Heart
Elizabeth Bowen

Deliverance
James Dickey

Dog Soldiers
Robert Stone

F - G
Falconer
John Cheever

The French Lieutenant's Woman
John Fowles

The Golden Notebook
Doris Lessing

Go Tell it on the Mountain
James Baldwin

Gone With the Wind
Margaret Mitchell

The Grapes of Wrath
John Steinbeck

Gravity's Rainbow
Thomas Pynchon

The Great Gatsby
F. Scott Fitzgerald

H - I
A Handful of Dust
Evelyn Waugh

The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter
Carson McCullers

The Heart of the Matter
Graham Greene

Herzog
Saul Bellow

Housekeeping
Marilynne Robinson

A House for Mr. Biswas
V.S. Naipaul

I, Claudius
Robert Graves

Infinite Jest
David Foster Wallace

Invisible Man
Ralph Ellison

L - N
Light in August
William Faulkner

The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe
C.S. Lewis

Lolita
Vladimir Nabokov

Lord of the Flies
William Golding

The Lord of the Rings
J.R.R. Tolkien

Loving
Henry Green

Lucky Jim
Kingsley Amis

The Man Who Loved Children
Christina Stead

Midnight's Children
Salman Rushdie

Money
Martin Amis

The Moviegoer
Walker Percy

Mrs. Dalloway
Virginia Woolf

Naked Lunch
William Burroughs

Native Son
Richard Wright

Neuromancer
William Gibson

Never Let Me Go
Kazuo Ishiguro

1984
George Orwell

O - R
On the Road
Jack Kerouac

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Ken Kesey

The Painted Bird
Jerzy Kosinski

Pale Fire
Vladimir Nabokov

A Passage to India
E.M. Forster

Play It As It Lays
Joan Didion

Portnoy's Complaint
Philip Roth

Possession
A.S. Byatt

The Power and the Glory
Graham Greene

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie
Muriel Spark

Rabbit, Run
John Updike

Ragtime
E.L. Doctorow

The Recognitions
William Gaddis

Red Harvest
Dashiell Hammett

Revolutionary Road
Richard Yates

S - T
The Sheltering Sky
Paul Bowles

Slaughterhouse-Five
Kurt Vonnegut

Snow Crash
Neal Stephenson

The Sot-Weed Factor
John Barth

The Sound and the Fury
William Faulkner

The Sportswriter
Richard Ford

The Spy Who Came in From the Cold
John le Carre

The Sun Also Rises
Ernest Hemingway

Their Eyes Were Watching God
Zora Neale Hurston

Things Fall Apart
Chinua Achebe

To Kill a Mockingbird
Harper Lee

To the Lighthouse
Virginia Woolf

Tropic of Cancer
Henry Miller

U - W
Ubik
Philip K. Dick

Under the Net
Iris Murdoch

Under the Volcano
Malcolm Lowry

Watchmen
Alan Moore & Dave Gibbons

White Noise
Don DeLillo

White Teeth
Zadie Smith

Wide Sargasso Sea
Jean Rhys


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FW: 以毒攻毒、種痘不得痘──人類戰痘的免疫史 (中)

【文/江漢聲(作者為輔仁大學醫學院院長)】 如果要說「以毒攻毒」,那麼同樣在十八世紀出現的「順勢療法」(Homeopathy)才是最激烈的一種另類療法。德國的哈內曼(C. FS. Hahnemann)觀察金雞納樹皮發熱,用來治療瘧疾的熱很有效,於是他提出以症狀相似的狀況來治療症狀,像辣椒治療發燒、鴉片治療昏睡症;他說引起疾病的原因就是治療疾病的根本,所以他反對「對抗性」的治療,像以鎮靜劑來治療亢奮,或抗菌劑來殺菌,他的用藥原則是以少量的藥物來加強生命力,使生命力元氣增加,就可以消除症狀。這些藥物如果大量或過量中毒就是病人的病因,所以他把任何酊劑都稀釋成為無害的藥物做各種病的治療。這種療法馬上在歐美廣為流行,甚至有「同源療法」(isopathotherapy)的學派產生,主張直接用疾病的病源來治病,像以淋病膿汁治淋病,口服寄生蟲來治寄生蟲,如此「以毒攻毒」的作法也太荒謬了一些。 中國人最早迎戰天花 其實那時候最毒的傳染病是天花,「以毒攻毒」的理論似乎就是免疫學的靈感,但並沒有人想到用在天花。十八世紀時,天花在歐洲已散佈了至少兩百年,沒人知道它從什麼地方來,只知道它愈來愈普遍,在所有傳染病中,像天花這種容易感染給小孩的最為凶猛,有20%到40%的死亡率。在1719年一次流行中,巴黎就死了1萬4千人,1770年印度死亡人數超過300萬,全歐洲沒有一個國家不受其蹂躪,據估計,十八世紀共奪走歐洲6000萬人的性命。這種病毒感染,會使一個人突然高燒、頭痛、背痛、嘔吐和譫妄,進入緊急狀況,到三、四天後,皮膚出現紅色斑點,幾天後轉變成膿泡。這些膿泡多半出現在臉部眼睛,也會出現在前臂、四肢,如果病人存活下來,幾個星期後膿泡會結痂脫落,但就留下永遠無法消除的疤痕,稱之為天花。在十七、十八世紀間,全倫敦有三分之一的人口帶著天花,而三分之二的盲人是由於天花所引起的。 在東方的中國,似乎更早受到天花的毒害。在古籍《皇帝內經》中並無記載,所以相傳是漢代馬援西征所帶回來的傳染病,在東晉開始流行,稱之為「虜瘡」,隋唐時則稱為「豌豆瘡」。巢元方《諸病源候論》已有詳細敘述,〈時氣皰瘡候〉中認為這種全身都是的皰瘡,行如登豆,又稱「登豆瘡」,外形紫黑,則毒氣重;到了宋朝才稱為豆瘡,後來改「豆」為「痘」;明朝時天花已經常流行而成為一種常見的疾病。 相當於西方十七世紀的中國明朝末年,中國天花流行的情況據說有